| Company Risks
Financial risk is the danger that a corporation will not be able to
repay its debts. This has a great affect on its bonds, which finance
the company's assets. The more assets financed by debts (i.e., bonds
and money market instruments), the greater the risk. Studying
financial risk involves looking at a company's management, its
leadership style, and its credit history.
Management risk is the risk that a company's
management may run the company so poorly that it is unable to grow
in value or pay dividends to its shareholders. This greatly affects
the value of its stock and the attractiveness of all the securities
it issues to investors.
Market Risks
Fluctuation in the market may be caused by the
following risks:
Market risk is the chance that the entire market
will decline, thus affecting the prices and values of securities.
Market risk is influenced by outside factors such as embargoes and
interest rate changes.
Liquidity risk is the risk that an investment
will experience loss in value when converted to cash.
Interest rate risk is the risk that interest
rates will rise resulting in an investment's loss of value.
Inflation risk is the danger that the dollars one
invests will buy less in the future because prices of consumer goods
rise. When the rate of inflation rises, investments have less
purchasing power. Investments earning fixed rates of return are
especially vulnerable.
Exchange rate risk is the chance that a nation's
currency will lose value when exchanged for foreign currencies.
Reinvestment risk is the danger that reinvested
money will earn returns lower than those earned before reinvestment.
Dividend-reinvestment plans are a group subject to this risk.
Bondholders are another.
National And International Risks
National and world events can profoundly affect
investment markets.
Economic risk is the danger that the economy as a
whole will perform poorly. Economic downturn stock prices, the job
market, and the prices of consumer products.
Industry risk is the chance that a specific
industry will perform poorly. Problems in an industry affect the
individual businesses involved as well as the securities issued by
those businesses.
Tax risk is the danger that rising taxes will
make investing less attractive. Businesses that are taxed heavily
have less money available for research, expansion, or dividend
payments. Taxes are also levied on capital gains, dividends and
interest earned by the investor.
Political risk is the danger that government
legislation will have an adverse affect on investment. This can be
high taxes, prohibitive licensing, or the appointment of individuals
whose policies interfere with investment growth. Political risks
include wars, changes in government leadership, and politically
motivated embargoes.
Roger Sorensen
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